Week 29

FYP presentation on 25th April 2013 at Gemilang Hall.

Poster:

Week 28

Progress:

Cost Comparison
Types of lighting sources	Fluorescent tube (Philips TLD 36W/ 54-765)	Fluorescent tube (Philips TLD 18W/ 54-765)	CFL (Philips E27)	LED (Philips E27)	LED (Generic - downlight)	LED (Generic - tube)
Purchase Price (RM)	2.80	4.50	13	45	30	68
Electricity Usage (Watt)	36	18	18	9	5	18
Starting Time (sec)	<5	<5	<5	instant	instant	instant
Lumens (lm)	2600	1030	1100	600	900	900
Lumens/Watt	72	57	61	67	100	100
Color Temperature (Kelvin)	6200	6200	6500	6500	3000	3000
Color Rendering Index
Lifespan (hrs)	13000	13000	8000	15000	25000	25000
Bulb Cost Over 10 years (12 hours usage)	RM 9.43	RM 15.16	RM 71.18	RM 131.40	RM 52.56	RM 119.14
Energy Cost Over 10 years (21.8cents/kWhr)	RM 343.74	RM 171.87	RM 171.87	RM 85.94	RM 47.74	RM 171.87
Total	RM 353.17	RM 187.03	RM 243.05	RM 217.34	RM 100.30	RM 291.01

Week 27

Progress:

4.5 Limitations of Using Compact Fluorescent lamp

4.5.1 On/Off Cycling

CFLs are sensitive to frequent on/off cycling. their rated lifetimes of 10,000 hours are reduced in applications where the light is switched on and off often.

4.5.2 Dimmers

Dimmable CFLs are available for lights using a dimmer switch but not all CFLs can be used on dimmer switches. Using a regular CFL with a dimmer can shorten the bulb lifespan.

4.5.3 Outdoor Lighting

CFLs can be used outdoors but should be covered or shaded from the elements. Low temperatures may reduce light levels.

4.5.4 Retail Lighting

CFLs are not spot lights. Retail store display lighting usually requires narrow focus beams for stronger spot lighting. CFLs are better for area lighting.

4.5.5 Mercury Content

CFLs contain small amounts of mercury which is a toxic metal. This metal may be released if the bulb is broken or during disposal. Mercury is a toxic metal associated with contamination of water, fish and food supplies and can lead to adverse health effects. A CFL bulb generally contains an average of 5mg of mercury. A power plant will emit 10mg of mercury to produce the electricity to run an incandescent bulb compared to only 2.4mg of mercury to run a CFL for the same amount of time. The net benefit of using the more energy efficient lamp is positive and this is especially true if the mercury in the fluorescent lamp is kept out of the waste stream when the lamp expires. The mercury in CFL poses no threat while in the bulb but if its broken, one should open a window and leave the room for 15 minutes and more, use a wet rag to clean it up and put all of the pieces and the rag into a plastic bag and lastly place all materials in a second sealed plastic bag and call the nearest recycling center to see if they accept the material.

Week 26

Progress:

4.4 Potential of Using Compact Fluorescent lamp as the Lighting Source

4.4.1 Reduces air and water pollution

Replacing a single incandescent bulb with a CFL will keep a half-ton of CO2 out of the atmosphere over the life of the bulb. Saving electricity reduces CO2 emissions, sulfur oxide and high level nuclear waste.

4.4.2 High quality light

Newer CFLs give a warm, inviting light instead of the cool white light of older fluorescents. They use rare earth phosphors for excellent color and warmth. New electronically ballasted CFLs do not flicker or hum.

Week 25

Progress:

4.3 Characteristics of Compact Fluorescent lamp

Compact Fluorescent lamps (CFL) are available in a variety of styles or shapes. Come have two, four or six tubes. Older models and specialty models have separate tubes and ballasts. Some CFLs have the tubes and ballast permanently connected. This allows you to change the tubes without changing the ballast. Others have circular or spiral-shaped tubes. In general, the size or total surface area of the tube determines how much light the bulb produces.

4.3.1 Efficient

CFLs are four times more efficient and last up to 10 times longer than incandescent. A 22 Watt CFL has about same light output as a 100 Watt incandescent. CFLs uses 50-80% less energy than the incandescent.

4.3.2 Versatile

CFLs can be applied nearby anywhere that incandescent lights are used. Energy efficient CFLs can be used in recessed fixtures, table lamps, track lighting, ceiling fixtures and porch lights.

Week 24

Progress:

4.2 Potential of Using LED as the Lighting Source

4.2.1 Wide Color Range

The wavelength for the LED ranges from small to large scales. As LED have different wavelength, by using a multiplexing technology to control RGB LED package, it can generate a full color scales.

4.2.2 Small Size

            The sizes of LEDs are small and it can be arranged to any pattern for different applications. The sizes for the LEDs are varying from the smallest Organic LED (OLED) of 1cm type. By such a small package size, it gives a wide area for the lighting engineers to design their own applications.

4.2.3 Easy to Control

            LED operates at low voltage with DC source. Hence, the lighting intensity can be easily driven digitally by using high frequency pulse width modulation (PWM).

4.2.4 Mercury-free

There is no mercury used in the manufacturing of LEDs.

4.2.5 Cost-effective

Although LEDs are initially expensive, the cost is recouped over time and in battery savings. LED bulb use was first adopted commercially where maintenance and replacement costs are expensive. The costs of new LED bulb have gone down considerably in the last few years and are continuing to go down. Today, there are many new LED light bulbs for use in ho mans the cost is becoming less of an issue.

Week 23

Progress:

4.1.9 Lifespan / Durability

Since LEDs do not have filament, they are not damaged under circumstances when a regular incandescent bulb would be broken. Because they are solid, LED bulbs hold up well to jarring and bumping. LED bulbs last up to 10 times as long as compact fluorescents and far longer than typical incandescent.